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    • 专利摘要:
    Suitable purification methods are provided for the purification of bacterial capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus strains.
    公开号:BE1025162A9
    申请号:E20175905
    申请日:2017-12-06
    公开日:2019-01-03
    发明作者:Bass Fall；Eva Grassi；Alessandro Piero
    申请人:Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    PURIFICATION PROCESS FOR CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES
    FIELD OF 1 1 INVENTION This invention is in the field of the production of bacterial capsular polysaccharides, and relates to new purification methods.
    Context of 1 1 invention [0002] Capsular polysaccharides (PSC) are immunogens found on the surface of certain pathogenic bacteria implicated in human and non-human diseases. This feature has led to PSCs being an important component in vaccine design. PSCs have been shown to be useful in triggering immune responses especially when linked to carrier proteins (reference 1).
    Various large-scale production methods for the development of bacteria by fermentation are known, such as closed culture in a complex medium, for example, for the production
    BE2017 / 5905 of capsular polysaccharides of group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenza; the culture fed, for example, for the production of PSC of H. influenzae; and the culture continues, for example, for the production of PSCs of group B Streptococcus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. (References 2 to 7).
    There is a need for effective methods which can be used to increase the relative percentage of PSCs in a composition, by preferential elimination of non-PSC components (contaminants) such as proteins and cellular nucleic acids. Such a process is useful in the production of bacterial capsular polysaccharides, including those from S. agalactiae, following culture and / or fermentation. Such methods are here called purification, or purification step.
    Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a method of removing proteins from a solution, wherein the solution contains both bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins.
    The method includes a step of filtering the solution using chromatography (a chromatography step), in which the stationary phase of the chromatography is a particulate polymer resin (in the form of small separate particles).
    BE2017 / 5905 In one embodiment, the chromatography is carried out using column chromatography.
    In one embodiment, the particulate polymer resin is in the form of spherical particles (a person skilled in the art will understand that such particles will not be perfectly spherical and will vary to a certain extent in diameter and surface irregularities).
    In another embodiment, the polymer resin is made of polystyrene, polydivinylbenzene, copolymers of divinylbenzene and styrene, or crosslinked styrene and divinylbenzene.
    In another embodiment, the particulate polymer resin has one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the diameter of a sample representative of said spherical particles
    is located e in the Beach of 300 microns at 1500 μm, 500 μm to 750 μm, 560 μm at 710 μm, 350 at 600 μm, or 350 μm to 1200 μm ; (b) no ionic; (vs) stable in a Beach of values pH 0 at 14.0 at 12, 1 at 14, there 12 , 2 at 14,
    or 2 to 12; (d) contains pores with an average diameter of approximately 100 Angstroms (Ä), approximately 200 Ä, approximately 350 Ä, approximately 600 Ä, approximately 700 Ä, or approximately 1100 Ä , (e) contains pores with a range of diameters, in the range of 200 Ä to 250 Ä, 200 Ά to 300 Ä, 300 Ά to 400 Ä, or 300 Ά to 500 Ά; and / or (f) contains macropores with a diameter in the range of 10 microns to 200 microns.
    BE2017 / 5905 In one embodiment, the polymeric resin is in the form of spherical particles made of crosslinked styrene and divinylbenzene and having diameters in the range of 35 to 120 μm and a pore size located in the range 200 to 300 Â.
    [0011] In a mode of achievement, at least 50%, 60 %, 70%, 80% , 85%, 87 %, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94 %, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, çÿ 0} o, 9 9 2 ^ 9 9 5 ^ 99.9%
    or 100% of the proteins are removed from the solution by the chromatography step.
    [0012] In a embodiment, at minus 50 oθ r 60 %, 70%, 80% , 8 5%, 87% , 90%, 91%, 92%, 93 oθ r 94 %, 95%, 96%, 97 %, 98%, 99% or 100% PSC in the solution are retained in the eluate after the chromatography. [0013] In a fashion of production, 1'étape of
    filtration of the solution using chromatography, in which the stationary phase of the chromatography is a particulate polymer resin, results in the elimination of at least 90% of the proteins in the solution, while retaining at least 80%, 83%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, or 95% of the PSCs in the solution.
    In one embodiment, the filtration step using chromatography has a minimal effect on the polydispersity of the PSCs. The polydispersity index is used as a measure of the width of the molecular weight distribution of a polymer, and is defined by: Polydispersity index = Mw / Mn. The higher the polydispersity index, the larger the molecular weights. A monodispersed polymer where all the lengths of the chains are equal (such as a protein) has an Mw / Mn = 1. In one embodiment of the present invention, the difference in molecular weight between the starting material and
    BE2017 / 5905
    1'éluat East less than about 10%, lower at about 8% , less than about 5%, lower at about 3%, less than about 2 %, or lower at about 1%. [0015] In one embodiment, the solution at
    filter comprises a buffer at approximately pH 8, optionally a sodium phosphate buffer (NaPi).
    In one embodiment, the step of filtering the solution using chromatography begins at a protein charge density of 0.5 to 4.0 mg of total protein (PT) per milliliter of particulate resin.
    In one embodiment, the step of filtering the solution using chromatography begins at a charge density of PSC from 40 to 60 mg of total polysaccharides per milliliter of particulate resin.
    In one embodiment, the method does not include a step of treatment with a cationic detergent to precipitate the capsular polysaccharides. In particular, the process does not include a deproteinization step using phenol. Some polysaccharides are sensitive to hydrolysis.
    Therefore, when used for GBS in particular, the process does not include a step
    BE2017 / 5905 lowering the pH, for example to less than 4.5, to precipitate proteins and nucleic acids.
    In one embodiment, the chromatography step is preceded by an alcoholic precipitation of the proteins and / or the contaminating nucleic acids, and then by a diafiltration.
    In one embodiment, the chromatography step is followed by a re-N-acetylation of the PSCs, and a diafiltration.
    In one embodiment, the method of the invention comprises the following steps: (a) providing a composition containing bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins; (b) bringing the composition into contact with an alcoholic solution, and eliminating any precipitate which forms; (c) maintaining the non-precipitated material from step (b) in solution and filtering the solution to remove the compounds of smaller molecular weight while retaining the capsular polysaccharides in solution; and (d) collecting the filtrate from step (c) and removing protein contaminants from said filtrate by chromatography, using a stationary phase of polymer resin, to provide purified capsular polysaccharides.
    This method can further comprise a step (e) of re-N-acetylation of the purified capsular precipitation polysaccharides, a step (f) of the capsular polysaccharides capsular polysaccharides with a support protein.
    purified, and a step (g) of conjugation of
    BE2017 / 5905 In one embodiment, the process of the invention comprises bringing the composition into contact with an alcoholic solution to reach an alcohol concentration sufficient to precipitate the nucleic acid contaminants but not to precipitate the capsular polysaccharides. The alcoholic solution may comprise ethanol, and optionally also comprise CaCl2. In one embodiment, the alcoholic solution is added to achieve a concentration between about 10% and about 50% ethanol, or a concentration of about 30%.
    In one embodiment of the present invention, the bacterial capsular polysaccharide is a PSC of Streptococcus agalactiae. The PSC of Streptococcus agalactiae can be chosen from the serotypes la, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX, for example, la, Ib and III; la, Ib, II, III and V; la, Ib, II, III, IV and V; la, Ib, II, III, IV, V and VI.
    The amount of proteins in a solution, as in a chromatographic eluate obtained using a method of the present invention, can be measured by any suitable method, such as the BCA test as described here. The amount of PSC in a solution, such as in a chromatographic eluate obtained using a method of the present invention, can be measured by any suitable method, such as the methods described herein.
    In particular, the inventors have discovered that the chromatographic separation of PSCs from contaminants, particularly from contaminants
    BE2017 / 5905 protein, can be efficiently performed using a resin as the stationary phase of chromatography. In one aspect, the chromatography is column chromatography. Resins suitable for use in the present invention include polymeric resins made of polystyrene, polydivinylbenzene, copolymers of divinylbenzene and styrene, or crosslinked styrene and divinylbenzene. The resin is suitable in the form of a sphere or a ball, where the diameter of the particle (in a representative sample of the resin beads) is in the range of 300 μm to 1500 μm, from 500 μm to 750 μm, from 5 60 μm to 710 μm, from 350 to 600 μm, or from 35 0 μm to 1200 μm.
    The chromatographic step can be combined with one or more of the steps described here, including alcoholic precipitation and cation exchange, diafiltration, re-N-acetylation, and conjugation to a support molecule. The invention specifically contemplates a method of purifying bacterial capsular polysaccharides, such as from Streptococcus agalactiae, comprising a step of chromatographic filtration using a resin material as stationary phase, where the method does not include (either before or after chromatography) a step of treatment with a cationic detergent to precipitate the capsular polysaccharide followed by a step of resolubilization of the capsular polysaccharide.
    The invention further provides methods for purifying capsular polysaccharides (PSC) on an industrial scale. The favorite species of
    Streptococcus is Streptococcus agalactiae, also called group B Streptococcus or Lancefield's GBS, in particular, strains 090, H36b, CBJ111, or M781.
    In the present process, the alcoholic solution is added at a sufficient concentration
    BE2017 / 5905 to precipitate contaminants of the nucleic acid type but not the capsular polysaccharides.
    In preferred embodiments, the alcohol is ethanol and is preferably added at a concentration between about 10% and about 50% ethanol, more preferably a concentration located at about 30% ethanol .
    The alcoholic solution may optionally comprise a cation, preferably a metal cation, more preferably a bivalent cation, most preferably calcium.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the bonding of the capsular polysaccharides (PSC) of group B Streptococcus and of the group B carbohydrate molecule
    Figure 2 shows the structure of the AMBERLITE ™ XAD resin ball; each ball is a conglomerate of microspheres.
    Figures 3A and
    3B show the deformations of the chromatographic peaks:
    (A) "Tailing" (when the profile rises abruptly and quickly reaches the maximum point then slowly descends to the starting line) and (B) "Fronting" (when the profile rises slowly to the point
    BE2017 / 5905 maximum and descends rapidly to the peak of the starting line). Numbers are presented using a comma as a decimal separator.
    Figure 4 is a diagram of the protein removal percentages for various resins tested in the chromatographic purification.
    Figure 5 is a diagram of the yield percentages (% recovery) for various resins tested for chromatographic purification.
    Figure 6 is a diagram of the percentage of proteins eliminated under different loading conditions. Charge densities are indicated using a comma as a decimal separator.
    Figure 7 is a diagram of the percentages of polysaccharide yield under different loading conditions.
    Detailed Description [0036] Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B streptococcus (GBS), is the most common cause of serious infection and meningitis in babies younger than 3 months old. GBS is usually passed from mother to baby during birth. The introduction of national guidelines recommended in several countries to screen for pregnant women with GBS, and the appropriate use of antibiotics during childbirth have significantly reduced the occurrence of the disease in the first hours of life ( early infection, EOD), but had no significant effect on
    BE2017 / 5905 late infection (LOD) and are not feasible in some countries. The search for GBS vaccines is ongoing.
    There is a need for effective methods which can be used to purify bacterial polysaccharides, such as originating from S. agalactiae, following a culture and / or fermentation. The approach illustrated in document WO 2007/052168 is based on the method described in document WO 2006/082527, which comprises (a) an extraction step for extracting the polysaccharide from a fermentation biomass, (b ) an alcoholic precipitation step to reduce the contaminating nucleic acids and proteins by precipitation, (c) a filtration step, such as a diafiltration, to remove the resulting precipitate, (d) a polysaccharide precipitation step in which a treatment with a cationic detergent is used to precipitate the polysaccharides, and (e) a step of resolubilization of the polysaccharides.
    Treatment of a mixture of GBS capsular polysaccharides and group-specific polysaccharides with a cationic detergent leads to preferential precipitation of the capsular polysaccharides, reducing contamination by group-specific polysaccharides. Detergents for use in the precipitation of soluble polysaccharides include tetrabutylammonium and cetyltrimethylammonium salts (e.g., bromide salts) (reference 14). other
    BE2017 / 5905 detergents include hexadimethrin bromide and myristyltrimethylammonium salts.
    When a precipitation step with a detergent is used, the polysaccharides (generally in the form of a complex with the cationic detergent) can be resolubilized, either in an aqueous medium or in an alcoholic medium. The resolubilized material is purified with respect to the pre-precipitation suspension.
    However, the subsequent separation of the precipitate from the supernatant (for example, by centrifugation) and the resolubilization of the PSCs are laborious and can lead to the loss of capsular polysaccharides, thereby reducing the yield. The effectiveness of treatment with a cationic detergent may also depend on the initial purity (relative presence) of the composition of capsular polysaccharides treated. The lower the initial purity of the capsular polysaccharides, the less effective the treatment with a cationic detergent, further limiting the yield.
    WO 2009081276 (PCT / IB2008 / 003729) describes a process for the purification of a capsular polysaccharide in which a protein-adhering filter is used to separate the capsular polysaccharides from the contaminants. The protein-adherent filtration step is used in place of precipitation using treatment with a cationic detergent (as described in documents WO 2007/052168 and WO 2006/082527). Avoiding precipitation of the polysaccharide
    BE2017 / 5905 capsular at this stage of the purification process means that there is no need to separate the precipitate from the supernatant, or to resolubilize the PSCs. Adherent filters can contain activated carbon immobilized in a matrix. Examples of suitable filter units include carbon cartridges from Cuno Inc. (Meriden, USA), such as ZETACARBON filters. These carbon filters include a cellulose matrix in which the powdered activated carbon is trapped and bonded to a resin on site.
    The present invention provides an improved process for purifying PSCs which uses a filtration step on chromatographic resin, replacing the need for precipitation by treatment with a
    detergent cationic or filtration using a filter coal. The present process provides a yield improved in PSC compared to the one obtained
    using carbon filtration. Furthermore, the difference between the molecular weight distribution of PSCs in the starting material and in the eluate is reduced compared to that observed using a carbon filter. More specifically, the difference between the molecular weight distribution of PSCs in the starting material and in the eluate is less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2% or less at 1%. The molecular mass is preferably measured in Daltons, for example, in kilodaltons (kDa). Thus, the methods of the present invention do not include a step of treatment with a cationic detergent or filtration using a carbon filter.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Overview of the process The production by fermentation of bacterial PSC, and the initial recovery of the material containing PSC from the fermentation vessel, provides the raw material for the purification of PSC. Such a starting material can be a pellet or a cell paste obtained (for example, by centrifugation) from a fermentation biomass. Alternatively, the material may be the supernatant from a centrifuged bacterial culture, because during bacterial growth in culture, a small amount of capsular polysaccharides is generally released into the culture medium.
    The method of the invention may include one or more of the following steps.
    (a) Extraction A first extraction step can be used to release the PSCs from bacteria (or from a material containing the bacterial peptidoglycans, see FIG. 1). Methods of preparing capsular polysaccharides from bacteria are known in the art, for example, see references 8-11. PSCs can be released from bacteria by a variety of methods, including chemical, physical or enzymatic treatment .
    A conventional chemical treatment is an extraction with a base (reference 12) (for example, using sodium hydroxide), which can cleave the phosphodiester bond between the capsular polysaccharide and the peptidoglycan backbone. However, as the treatment with a de-N-acetyl base the
    BE2017 / 5905 capsular polysaccharide, subsequent re-N-acetylation may be necessary.
    A re-N-acetylation can be used with any process for preparing bacterial PSCs, where the process de-N-acetyl the capsular polysaccharide.
    A conventional enzymatic treatment involves the use of both mutanolysin and ß-Nacetylglucosaminidase (reference 13). These act on bacterial peptidoglycans to release the capsular polysaccharides for use with the purification process of the invention, but also lead to the release of group-specific carbohydrate antigens. An alternative enzyme treatment involves treatment with a type II phosphodiesterase (PDE2). The PDE2 enzymes can cleave the same phosphates as sodium hydroxide (see above) and can release the capsular polysaccharides without cleaving the group-specific carbohydrate antigens and without de-Nacetylating the capsular polysaccharides, thereby simplifying the steps by downstream. Therefore, PDE2 enzymes are a preferred option for preparing capsular polysaccharides. The de-N-acetylated capsular polysaccharides can be obtained by extraction with a base as described in US Patent No. 6,248,570 (reference 12).
    (b) Alcoholic precipitation and cation exchange The compositions of bacterial capsular polysaccharides obtained initially after culture (for example, by extraction) will generally be impure, contaminated with acids
    BE2017 / 5905 nucleic acid and bacterial proteins. These contaminants can be removed by sequential overnight treatments with RNAse, DNAse and protease. However, as a preferred alternative, rather than removing such contaminants by enzymes, an alcoholic precipitation step can be used. If necessary (for example, after extraction with a base), the materials will usually be neutralized before the alcoholic precipitation step.
    The alcohols used to precipitate the nucleic acids and / or the contaminating proteins are preferably a lower alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan 1ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methyl-propan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol, diols, etc. The choice of a suitable alcohol can be tested empirically, without excessive loading, but alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol (propan-2-ol) are preferred, rather than alcohols such as phenol.
    The alcohol is preferably added to the polysaccharide composition to give a final alcohol concentration between 10% and 50% (for example, around 30%). The most useful concentrations are those which achieve adequate precipitation of the contaminants without also precipitating the polysaccharides. The final optimal concentration of alcohol may depend on the bacterial serotype from which the polysaccharide is obtained, and can be determined by routine experiments without excessive load. Precipitation of polysaccharides with ethanol concentrations> 50% was observed.
    BE2017 / 5905 Alcohol can be added in pure form or it can be added in diluted form with a miscible solvent (for example, water). Preferred solvent mixtures are ethanol / water mixtures, with a preferred ratio between around 70/30 and around 95/5 (for example, 75/25, 80/20, 85/15, 90/10).
    The polysaccharide can also be treated with an aqueous metal cation. Monovalent and bivalent metal cations are preferred, and bivalent cations are particularly preferred, such as Mg, Mn, Ca, etc., since they are more effective in forming complexes. Calcium ions are particularly useful, and thus the alcoholic mixture preferably comprises soluble calcium ions. These can be added to a polysaccharide / alcohol mixture in the form of calcium salts, added either in the form of a solid or in an aqueous form. Calcium ions are preferably provided by the use of calcium chloride.
    The calcium ions are preferably present at a final concentration between 10 and 500 mM (for example, about 0.1 M). The optimal final Ca concentration may depend on the strain and the Streptococcus serotype from which the polysaccharide is obtained, and may be determined by routine experiments without excessive load.
    After the alcoholic precipitation of the contaminating proteins and / or nucleic acids, the capsular polysaccharide is left in solution. The precipitated material can be separated from the polysaccharide by any suitable means, such as by centrifugation. The
    BE2017 / 5905 supernatant can be subjected to microfiltration, such as front filtration (perpendicular filtration), in order to remove particles which can clog the filters in the subsequent stages (for example, particles precipitated with a diameter greater than 0.22 .mu.m). As a variant of frontal filtration, tangential microfiltration can be used. For example, tangential microfiltration using a 0.2 μm cellulosic membrane can be used. The tangential microfiltration stage is generally followed by filtration using a 0.45 / 0.2 μm filter.
    (c) Piafiltration A diafiltration step can be used. For example, if an alcoholic precipitation and cation exchange step is used (for example, as described above), then a diafiltration step can be performed after the precipitation of proteins and / or nucleic acids. Generally, a diafiltration step is used after the precipitation of the proteins and / or nucleic acids, and before the chromatographic separation using a resin matrix as stationary phase. The diafiltration step is particularly advantageous if an extraction with a base or a phosphodiesterase was used for the release of the capsular polysaccharide from the bacteria or peptidoglycan, because the group-specific polysaccharide will also have been hydrolyzed, providing fragments smaller than the
    BE2017 / 5905 intact capsular polysaccharide. These small fragments can be removed by the diafiltration step.
    Diafiltration with tangential flow can be used. The filtration membrane should thus be one which allows the passage of the products of the hydrolysis of the group specific antigen while retaining the capsular polysaccharide. A cutoff threshold in the range of 10 kDa to 30 kDa is conventional. Smaller cutoff threshold sizes can be used, since the group specific antigen hydrolysis fragments are generally around 1 kDa (5-mer, 8-mer and 11-mer polysaccharides), but a threshold larger cutoff allows removal of other contaminants without leading to loss of the capsular polysaccharide.
    At least five diafiltration cycles with tangential flow are usually carried out, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or more. Generally, two series of tangential flow diafiltration are performed. Between the first and second series, the retentate from the first series of diafiltration can be treated with an acetic acid / sodium acetate solution. The resulting suspension can be filtered to remove the precipitate, for example using a 0.45 μm filter. The suspension can also, or in addition, be filtered using a 0.2 μm filter.
    The diafiltration can be followed by another filtration using a 0.45 / 0.2 μm filter.
    BE2017 / 5905 (d) Chromatographic filtration using a resin A chromatography step is carried out using a resin matrix as the stationary stage. Appropriately, the chromatography is column chromatography. Resins suitable for use in the present invention include polymeric resins made of polystyrene, polydivinylbenzene, copolymers of divinylbenzene and styrene, or crosslinked styrene and divinylbenzene. The resin is suitably in the form of a sphere or a ball, where the diameter of the particle (in a representative sample of the resin beads) is in the range of 300 μm to 1500 μm, from 500 μm at 750 μm, from 560 μm to 710 μm, from 350 to 600 μm, or from 350 μm to 1200 μm.
    The eluate obtained from the chromatography step contains purified PSC, compared to the starting solution (that is to say, the solution immediately before the chromatography).
    (e) Re-N-acetylation A re-N-acetylation step can be carried out, for example, after a chromatographic filtration step using a resin, or after any subsequent filtration step. Re-Nacetylation may be advantageous if the sialic acid residues in GBS capsular polysaccharides have been de-N-acetylated by any preceding step in the process, for example, during treatment with a base. Controlled re-N-acetylation can be conveniently performed using a reagent such as
    BE2017 / 5905 as acetic anhydride (CEhCOHO, for example, in 5% ammonium bicarbonate (Wessels et al. (1989) Infect Immun 57: 1089-94).
    Another diafiltration step can be carried out, for example, after re-N-acetylation following chromatographic filtration using a resin. Diafiltration can be followed by another filtration using a 0.45 / 0.2 μm filter.
    The bacterial capsular polysaccharides produced by the present process can also be prepared in the form of a dried powder, ready for conjugation.
    Preparation of the conjugates Following the purification, the PSCs can be conjugated to a support molecule, such as a protein. Therefore, the invention may further comprise steps of purifying the PSCs and conjugating the capsular polysaccharides with a support protein, to give a protein-saccharide conjugate (see Figures 1 and 2). The conjugated PSCs can then be formulated in an immunogenic composition, such as a vaccine.
    The purified capsular polysaccharides obtained by the present invention can be conjugated with one or more support proteins. In general, the conjugation of the polysaccharides to the supports amplifies the immunogenicity of the polysaccharides because it converts them from antigens independent of the T lymphocytes into antigens dependent on the T lymphocytes, thus allowing sensitization for the immunological memory. Conjugation is particularly useful for vaccines
    BE2017 / 5905 pediatric (for example, reference 15) and it is a well known technique (for example, described in references 16 to 24).
    The known support proteins include toxins or bacterial toxoids, such as diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid, including the mutant CRM197 of diphtheria toxin. Other suitable support proteins include the outer membrane protein of N. meningitidis (reference 25), synthetic peptides (references 26, 27), heat shock proteins (references 28, 29), pertussis proteins (references 30, 31), cytokines (reference 32), lymphokines (reference 32), hormones (reference 32), growth factors (reference 32), artificial proteins comprising multiple epitopes of human CD4 T cells from various antigens derived from pathogens (reference 33) such as N19 (reference 34), protein H. of influenzae (references 35, 36), the pneumococcal surface protein PspA (reference 37), pneumolysin (reference 38), proteins of iron capture (reference 39), C. difficile toxin A or B (reference 40), GBS antigenic polypeptides such as BP-2a, spbl, GBS59, GBS80, GBS1523 or their combinations (see references es 41 to 79). The attachment to the support is preferably carried out via an —NH2 group, for example, in the side chain of a lysine residue in a support protein, or of an arginine residue. When a saccharide has a free aldehyde group, then this group can be reacted with an amine in the
    BE2017 / 5905 support to form a conjugate by reducing amination Such a conjugate can be created using a reducing amination involving an oxidized galactose in the saccharide (from which an aldehyde is formed) and an amine in the support or in the linker. The attachment can also be carried out via a group -SH, for example, in the side chain of a cysteine residue.
    It is possible to use more than one support protein in an immunogenic composition, for example, to reduce the risk of suppression by the support of the immune response. Thus, in a multivalent composition, different support proteins can be used for different strains or different serotypes of Streptococcus, for example, GBS polysaccharides of serotype la can be conjugated to CRM197 while polysaccharides of serotype Ib can be conjugated to l tetanus toxoid. It is also possible to use more than one support protein for a particular polysaccharide antigen, for example, serotype III polysaccharides can be divided into two groups, with some conjugates to CRM197 and others conjugated to tetanus toxoid .
    A single support protein can carry more than one polysaccharide antigen (references 42, 43) For example, a single support protein can have polysaccharides of the serotypes la and Ib conjugated to it.
    The conjugates with a polysaccharide / support ratio (w / w) located between an excess of
    BE2017 / 5905 support (for example, 1/5) and an excess of polysaccharide (for example, 5/1) are preferred. Ratios between 1/2 and 5/1 are preferred, as are ratios between 1 / 1.25 and 1 / 2.5. The ratios between 1/1 and 4/1 are also preferred. With longer polysaccharide chains, an excess of polysaccharide by weight is conventional. In general, the invention provides a conjugate which comprises a fraction of Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide, preferably S. agalactiae, attached to a support, wherein the weight ratio of the polysaccharide / support is at least 2/1.
    The compositions can comprise a small amount of free support. When a given carrier, such as a protein, is present both in free and conjugated form in a composition of the invention, the unconjugated form is preferably not more than 5% of the total amount of the carrier in the composition as a whole, and more preferably present at less than 2% by weight.
    Any suitable conjugation reaction can be used, with any suitable linker when necessary.
    The polysaccharide will generally be activated or functionalized before conjugation. Activation may involve, for example, cyanylation reagents such as CDAP (for example, 1.-cyano-4-dimethylamino-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (references 44, 45, etc.)). Other suitable techniques use carbodiimides, hydrazides, active esters, norborane, p-nitrobenzoic acid, N25
    BE2017 / 5905 hydroxysuccinimide, S-NHS, EDC, and TSTU (see also the introduction to reference 29).
    The connections via a linker group can be carried out using any known procedure, for example, the procedures described in references 46 and 47. One type of connection involves a reductive amination of the polysaccharide, by coupling the resulting amino group with one end of an adipic acid linker group, and then coupling a protein to the other end of the adipic acid linker group (references 27, 48, 49). Other linkers include the group B-propionamido (reference 50), nitrophenylethylamine (reference 51), haloacyl halides (reference 52), glycosidic linkages (reference 53), 6-aminocaproic acid (reference 54), ADH (reference 55), C4 to C12 fractions (reference 56), etc. As an alternative to using a linker, a direct link can be used. Direct linkages to the protein may include oxidation of the polysaccharide followed by reductive amination with the protein, as described, for example, in references 57 and 58.
    A process involving the introduction of amino groups into the saccharide (for example, by replacing the groups = 0 terminals with -NH 2 ) followed by derivatization with an adipic diester (for example, the diester of N-hydroxysuccinimide adipic acid) and reaction with the carrier protein is preferred. Another preferred reaction uses activation by CDAP with a carrier protein D.
    BE2017 / 5905 After conjugation, the free and conjugated polysaccharides can be separated. There are many suitable methods, including hydrophobic chromatography, tangential ultrafiltration, diafiltration, etc. (see also references 59 and 60).
    When the composition of the invention comprises a depolymerized oligosaccharide, it is preferred that the depolymerization precedes the conjugation, for example, that it occurs before the activation of the saccharide.
    In a preferred conjugation process, a polysaccharide is reacted with dihydrazide of adipic acid. For serogroup A Streptococcus PSCs, a carbodiimide can also be added at this stage. After a reaction period, sodium cyanoborohydride is added. The derivatized polysaccharide can then be prepared, for example, by ultrafiltration. The derivatized polysaccharide is then mixed with the carrier protein (for example, with a diphtheria toxoid), and a carbodiimide is added. After a reaction period, the conjugate can be recovered.
    Additional steps While including the steps described above, the methods of the invention may include other steps. For example, the methods may include a step of depolymerization of the capsular polysaccharides, after their preparation from bacteria but before conjugation. Depolymerization reduces the length of the chains
    BE2017 / 5905 polysaccharides and may not be suitable for
    GBS PSC. For Streptococcus, especially GBS, the longer polysaccharides tend to be more immunogenic than the shorter ones (reference 61).
    After conjugation, the level of unconjugated support protein can be measured. One way to perform this measurement involves capillary electrophoresis (reference 62) (for example, in free solution), or micellar electrokinetic chromatography (reference 63).
    After conjugation, the level of unconjugated polysaccharide can be measured. One way to perform this measurement involves high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometry detection (HPAEC-PAD).
    After conjugation, a step of separating the conjugated polysaccharide from the unconjugated polysaccharide can be used. One way to separate these polysaccharides is to use a process that selectively precipitates a component. Selective precipitation of the conjugated polysaccharide, for example, by treatment with deoxycholate, is preferred, to leave the unconjugated polysaccharide in solution.
    After conjugation, a step of measuring the molecular size and / or the molar mass of a conjugate can be carried out. In particular, distributions can be measured. One way to perform these measurements involves exclusion chromatography with detection by light scattering photometry from multiple angles and differential refractometry (SEC-MALS / RI) (reference 64).
    BE2017 / 5905
    Combinations of Conjugates The PSCs purified from Pneumococcus serogroups can be conjugated as described above, for any Pneumococcus serogroup. Pneumococcus serogroups used to prepare immunogenic conjugates include serogroups 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. The individual conjugates can then be mixed, to provide a versatile mixture, such as a bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent, 5-valent, 6-valent, 7valent, 11-valent, or 13-valent mixture (for example, to mix the serogroups 1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6B + 7F + 9V + 14 + 18C + 19F + 23F, 4 + 6B + 9V + 14 + 18C + 19F + 23F or 1 + 4 + 6B + 9V + 14 + 18C + 19F + 23F , etc.).
    The purified PSCs from GBS can be conjugated as described above and the conjugates can be prepared from one or more of serogroups la, lb, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX. The individual conjugates can then be mixed, to provide a versatile mixture, such as a bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent, 5valent, 6-valent, 7-valent, 8-valent, 9-valent, or coiled mixture (for example, for mix serogroups Ia + Ib + III, Ia + Ib + II + III + V, Ia + Ib + II + III + IV + V, Ia + Ib + II + III + IV + V + VI, etc.).
    The different conjugates can be mixed by adding them individually to a buffered solution. A preferred solution is physiological saline buffered with phosphate (final concentration of 10 mM sodium phosphate). A preferred concentration of each conjugate (measured in
    BE2017 / 5905 polysaccharide) in the final mixture is between 1 and 20 pg / ml, for example, between 5 and 15 pg / ml, as around 8 pg / ml. An optional aluminum salt adjuvant can be added at this stage (for example, to give a final concentration of Al 3+ between 0.4 and 0.5 mg / ml).
    Pharmaceutical compositions The conjugates prepared by methods of the invention can be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Such supports include any support which does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Suitable carriers are generally large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, poly lactic acids, poly glycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, sucrose, trehalose, lactose, and aggregates lipids (such as oil droplets or liposomes). Such supports are well known to a person of average skill in the field. Vaccines can also contain diluents, such as water, saline, glycerol, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present. The physiological saline buffered by sterile pyrogen-free phosphate is a conventional support. A full discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in reference 65.
    compositions may include a
    BE2017 / 5905 antimicrobial, especially if they are packaged in a multiple dose format.
    The compositions may include a detergent, for example, a polysorbate, such as
    TWEEN ™ 80.
    Detergents are usually present at low rates (for example,>
    The compositions can comprise sodium salts (for example, sodium chloride) to give the tone. A concentration of 10
    NaCI is classic. The compositions ± 2 mg / ml of will generally comprise a buffer. A phosphate buffer is conventional.
    The compositions can comprise a sugar alcohol (for example, mannitol) or a disaccharide (for example, sucrose or trehalose) for example, at a concentration around 15 to 30 mg / ml (for example, 25 mg / ml), particularly if they are to be lyophilized or if they include a material which is to be reconstituted from a lyophilized material. The pH of a composition for lyophilization can be adjusted around 6.1 before lyophilization.
    The conjugates can be administered to the subject jointly with other immunoregulatory agents. In particular, the compositions administered as vaccines to induce a protective, prophylactic, or therapeutic immune response may include a vaccine adjuvant.
    Adjuvants which can be used in compositions of the invention include, but are not
    BE2017 / 5905 not limited: compositions containing minerals such as mineral salts, such as aluminum salts and calcium salts (or mixtures thereof; when an adjuvant of aluminum hydroxide and / or aluminum phosphate is used, antigens are generally absorbed on these salts); oily emulsion compositions, including squalene-water emulsions, such as MF59 (chapter 10 of reference 66; see also reference 67) (5% squalene, 0.5% TWEEN ™ 80, and 0, 5% SPAN ™ 85 (sorbitan trioleate), formulated in submicron particles using a microfluidizer); Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA); saponin formulations such as QS21 (saponins are a heterologous group of sterol glycosides and triterpenoid glycosides found in a variety of plant species, including the Quillaia saponaria Molina tree); virosomes and pseudoviral particles (PPV); bacterial or microbial derivatives such as non-toxic derivatives of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); immunostimulatory oligonucleotides.
    Other suitable adjuvants include virosomes and pseudoviral particles (PPV), which generally contain one or more proteins from a virus optionally combined or formulated with a phospholipid (see, for example, references 68 to 74); adjuvants based on bacterial or microbial derivatives, such as lipid A derivatives, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides,
    BE2017 / 5905 ADP-ribosylating toxins and their detoxified derivatives, non-toxic LPS derivatives including monophosphoryl-lipid A (MPL) and 3-O-deacylated MPL (3d-MPL), aminoalkyl-glucosaminide phosphate derivatives (for example, RC-529, references 75 and 76), and OM-174 (references 77 and 78).
    Other suitable adjuvants include immunostimulatory oligonucleotides such as nucleotide sequences containing a CpG motif; ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins and their detoxified derivatives; human immunomodulators such as interleukins, interferons, the macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor; imidazoquinolone compounds such as IMIQUAMOD ™ and its counterparts (for example, RESIQUIMOD 3M ™).
    The invention may also include combinations of one or more of the adjuvants identified above.
    Compositions The compositions of the present invention can be administered to any suitable subject in need of such administration, such as humans, non-human primates, livestock and pets. The immunogenic compositions can be sterile and / or pyrogen-free. The compositions can be isotonic with respect to the subject matter, for example, humans.
    The immunogenic compositions used as vaccines comprise an immunologically effective amount of one or more
    BE2017 / 5905 antigens, as well as any other component, as needed and adapted to the intended recipient. By immunologically effective amount, it is meant that the administration of this amount to an individual, such as a human individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for the treatment or prevention of infection or disease caused by the target pathogen. This amount varies according to the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, his age, the taxonomic group of the individual to be treated (for example, non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the immune system of the individual to synthesize antibodies, desired degree of protection, vaccine formulation, assessment by the attending physician of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. A conventional amount of each streptococcal conjugate in a vaccine composition for human use is between pg and 20 pg per conjugate (measured in saccharide).
    Thus the invention provides a method for preparing a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the following steps: (a) the preparation of a polysaccharide / support conjugate as described above; (b) mixing the conjugate with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
    The invention further provides a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical product, comprising the following steps: (a) the preparation of a polysaccharide / support conjugate as described above; (b) mixing the conjugate with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers; and (c) the
    BE2017 / 5905 packaging of the conjugate / carrier mixture in a container, such as a vial or syringe, to give a pharmaceutical product.
    The conjugation process and the mixing step can be performed at different times by different people in different places (for example, in different establishments or countries).
    Streptococcus The term "Streptococcus" refers to bacteria which can be chosen from
    S. agalactiae (GBS),
    S. pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS), S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and S. mutans.
    The streptococcus can alternatively be S. thermophilus or S. lactis. Preferably, the streptococcus is GBS. If the streptococcus used is GBS, then preferably, the serotype chosen is la, Ib, II, III, IV, or V. Preferably, the GBS strains used are 090 (la),
    7357 (lb), H36b (lb), DK21 (2), M781 (3), 2603 (5), or
    CJB111 (5). If the streptococcus used is S. pneumoniae, then preferably, the serotypes chosen are one or more or all of 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and
    23F. Serotype 1 can also be chosen preferably. Preferably, the serotypes chosen are one or more, or all of 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F.
    In addition, the culture can be homogeneous (that is to say, consisting of a single species or strain of Streptococcus), or it can be heterogeneous (that is to say, include two species or strains or more Streptococcus). Preferably, the culture is homogeneous.
    BE2017 / 5905 The streptococcus used can be a wild type strain or it can be genetically modified. For example, it can be modified to produce unnatural capsular polysaccharides or heterologous polysaccharides or to increase yield.
    Specific Embodiments The specific embodiments of the invention include: a process for removing proteins from a starting solution comprising bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins, comprising the following steps :
    i. providing a fermentation broth comprising one or more bacterial cells chosen from the group consisting of Streptococcus agalactiae of serotypes la, lb, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX;
    ii. lysis of the bacterial cells from step (a) with a lytic agent, producing this
    way a lysate cellular comprising of the debris cellular, of the protein soluble of the acids nucleic acid and of the polysaccharides; iii. the clarification potential of lysate cellular of step (b) using a
    centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris, thereby producing a composition containing bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins;
    at. providing a composition containing bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins;
    BE2017 / 5905
    b. bringing said composition into contact with an alcoholic solution, and eliminating any precipitate which forms;
    vs. maintaining the non-precipitated material from step (b) in solution and filtering the solution to remove the compounds of a smaller molecular weight while retaining the capsular polysaccharides in solution; and
    d. collecting the filtrate from step (c) and removing protein contaminants from said filtrate by chromatography, using a stationary phase of polymer resin, to provide purified capsular polysaccharides;
    e. the possible re-N-acetylation of the purified capsular polysaccharides,
    f. optional precipitation of purified capsular polysaccharides; and
    g. optional conjugation of the purified capsular polysaccharides with a support protein.
    Other Antigenic Components of the Compositions of 1 1 Invention The methods of the invention may also include the steps of mixing a streptococcal conjugate with one or more additional antigens, including the following other antigens: a Haemophilus saccharide antigen influenzae B; a purified protein antigen from Neisseria meningitides serogroup B; an outer membrane preparation of Neisseria meningitides serogroup B; a hepatitis A virus antigen, such as an inactivated virus; a virus antigen
    BE2017 / 5905 hepatitis B, such as surface and / or core antigens; a diphtheria antigen, such as diphtheria toxoid; and a tetanus antigen, such as tetanus toxoid; a Bordetella pertussis antigen, such as pertussis holotoxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) from B. pertussis, possibly also in combination with pertactin and / or agglutinogens 2 and 3; one or more polio antigens; measles, mumps and / or rubella antigens; one or more influenza antigens such as hemagglutinin and / or neuraminidase surface proteins; a Moraxella catarrhalis antigen; a protein antigen from Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus); a Streptococcus pyogenes antigen (group A streptococcus); a Staphylococcus aureus antigen. Toxic protein antigens can be detoxified when necessary (for example, detoxification of pertussis toxin by chemical and / or genetic means).
    The antigens in the composition will generally be present at a concentration of at least 1 g / ml each. In general, the concentration of any given antigen will be sufficient to trigger an immune response against that antigen in the subject being treated.
    Terms [00107] As used herein, the "purification" of
    Bacterial PSC relates to a process for the separation, in a composition containing both PSC and non-PSC contaminants, of PSC from the contaminants. The
    BE2017 / 5905 purification as used herein is not synonymous with providing a 100% pure PSC composition (i.e., removal of all contaminants). Non-PSC components (contaminants) such as proteins and cellular nucleic acids are preferentially removed from the starting material to provide a material with an increased percentage of PSC (for example, increase in% in MM of PSC), by compared to that of the starting material. Such a process is useful in the production of bacterial capsular polysaccharides, including those of S. agalactiae, following culture and / or fermentation. Such methods are here called purification, or purification steps.
    The term "comprising" includes "including", for example, a composition "comprising" X may include something additional, for example, X + Y. The term "consisting essentially of" means that the process, the method or the composition comprises steps and / or additional parts which do not materially modify the basic and new characteristics of the claimed process, method or composition. The term "consisting of" is generally taken to mean that the invention as claimed is limited to those elements specifically cited in the claim (and may include their equivalents, as long as the doctrine of equivalents is applicable).
    The term "approximately" in relation to a numerical value x means, for example, x ± 10%, ± 5%, ± 4%, ± 3%, ± 2% or ± 1%.
    BE2017 / 5905 The word "substantially" does not exclude "completely", for example, a composition which is "substantially free" of Y can be completely free of Y. Where appropriate, the term "substantially" can be omitted from the definition of the invention. When the processes relate to process steps, these can be carried out sequentially, for example, (a) followed by (b), followed by (c), followed by (d), followed by (e), etc. .
    The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are fully explained in the literature. See, for example, DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D.N Glover ed.
    1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (MT Gait ed, 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B.D. Hames & ST Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription and Translation (B.D. Hames & ST Higgins eds. 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R.I. Freshney ed. 1986); Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL Press,
    1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); the Methods in Enzymology series (Academic Press, Inc.), especially volumes 154 &155; Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J.H. Miller and M.P. Calos eds. 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Mayer and Walker, eds. (1987), Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Academic Press, London); Scopes, (1987) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Second Edition (Springer-Verlag, N.Y.), Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D.M.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds 1986), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 19th Edition (1995); Methods In Enzymology (S.
    Colowick and N. Kaplan, eds., Academic Press, Inc.); and Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols. I-IV (D.M. Weir and C.C. Blackwell, eds., 1986, Blackwell Scientific Publications); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition, 1989);
    Handbook of Surface and Colloidal Chemistry (Birdi, K.S. ed., CRC Press, 1997); Short Protocols in Molecular
    Biology, 4th ed. (Ausubel et al. Eds., 1999, John Wiley &Sons); Molecular Biology Techniques: An Intensive Laboratory Course, (Ream et al., Eds., 1998, Academic Press); PCR (Introduction to Biotechniques Series), 2nd ed. (Newton & Graham eds., 1997, Springer Verlag); and Peters and Dalrymple, Fields Virology (2nd ed), Fields et al. (eds.), B.N. Raven Press, New York, NY.
    The conventional abbreviations for nucleotides and amino acids are used in this specification.
    All publications, all patents, and all patent applications cited here are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
    Examples
    Example 1 - Resins used in chromatography The term chromatography indicates a set of techniques which are designed to separate a mixture into component parts, the quality and quantity of which can then be estimated. These techniques
    BE2017 / 5905 are based on the differential distribution of components between two phases, a phase called fixed or stationary phase and the mobile or eluent phase, which flows continuously through the stationary phase. The present studies the resins used, as described herein, as the stationary phase.
    Using the GBS type V capsular polysaccharide, chromatography with different resin matrices was estimated as an alternative to the use of treatment with a cationic detergent and / or a carbon filter in the purification of PSCs. bacterial.
    Ten different resins available commercially (Table 1) were chosen from two suppliers: Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missiouri, United States; part of MilliporeSigma) and Purolite Company (Bala Cynwyd, Pa. , United States). These resins are described by the manufacturer as being suitable for industrial processes and resistant to changes in pH.
    Table 1
    providessisters TrademarkSigmaAldrich AMBERLITE ™ XAD4 Copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene; each ball is a conglomerate of microspheresAMBERLITE ™ XAD16NAMBERLITE ™ XAD1180N Purolite PUROSORB ™ PAD350 Polystyrene; spherical ballsPUROSORB ™ PAD550
    BE2017 / 5905
    PUROSORB ™ PAD700 PUROSORB ™ PAD910CHROMALITE PCG900M Cross-linked styrene / divinylbenzeneCHROMALITE PCG1200MCHROMALITY 70MN
    AMBERLITE AD is a polymer resin. It is a nonionic macroreticular polymer which absorbs and releases molecules via hydrophobic interactions in polar or low volatile solvents. AMBERLITE AD are copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene. Each granule (bead) is a conglomerate of microspheres (Figure 2) which provides excellent structural physical and chemical stability. The pores allow rapid mass transfer and the particle sizes ensure low pressure during use. The hydrophobic chemical nature makes AMBERLITE ™ XAD a good adsorbent under reverse phase conditions.
    AMBERLITE AD4: polymeric adsorbent for small hydrophobic components, surfactants, phenols, pharmaceutical agents.
    AMBERLITE AD16N: adsorbent for hydrophobic components of medium size (up to 40,000 Daltons of MM), such as antibiotics, pharmaceutical agents, surfactants, and proteins.
    AMBERLITE AD1180N: polymeric adsorbent for hydrophobic organic components with a relatively high molecular weight.
    BE2017 / 5905 [00121] The main characteristics of AMBERLITE AD resins are presented in Table 2.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 2
    AMBERLITEXAD4 AMBERLITEAD16N AMBERLITEXAD1180N Particle diameter (μm) 560 to 710 560 to 710 350 to 600 Pore size (Ä) 100 200 300 to 400 Specific surface (m 2 / g) 750 800 450 Pore volume (ml / g) 0.98 0.55 1.4
    PUROSORB PAD is a synthetic polymer adsorbent with crosslinking and high porosity. These polymers are produced using high purity monomers which are suitable for purifying pharmaceutical agents and for use in the food industries.
    PUROSORB PAD350 is a macroporous non-ionic polymeric adsorbent. This product has a relatively low porosity and, therefore, offers a large specific surface.
    PUROSORB PAD50 is a macroporous nonionic polymeric adsorbent which has a specific surface greater than many other hydrophobic adsorbents while retaining good porosity.
    PUROSORB PAD700 offers higher porosity with smaller pores and, as a result, a slightly lower specific surface
    BE2017 / 5905 compared to similar products. This is achieved through a special structure of crosslinked polystyrene. The spherical particles give little back pressure under normal flow operating conditions.
    PUROSORB PAD910 has larger pores (1200 Angstroms, (Â)) while retaining the general characteristics of the PUROSORB resins above.
    The main characteristics of the PUROSORB resins are presented in Table 3.
    Table 3
    PUROSORBPAD350 PUROSORBPAD550 PUROSORBPAD700 PUROSORBPAD910 Polymer structure polystyrene polystyrene polystyrene polystyrene Appearance Spherical balls Spherical balls Spherical balls Spherical balls Groupfunctional Noionic Noionic Noionic Noionic Ionic format1'expédition Any Any Any Any Retentionhumility 58 to 64% 58 to 64% 56 to 62% 62 to 68% Particle size range 350 to1200 μm 350 to1200 μm 350 to1200 μm 350 to1200 μm <350 μm(maximum) 2% 2% 2% 2% Coefficientuniformity(maximum) 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
    BE2017 / 5905
    PUROSORBPAD350 PUROSORBPAD550 PUROSORBPAD700 PUROSORBPAD910 Volume ofpore 0.7 ml / g 1.1 ml / g 1.2 ml / g 1.6 ml / g Specific surface 700 m 2 / g 950 m 2 / g 550 m 2 / g 540 m 2 / g D50, Meso- andMacropores 350 600 700 1100 Relative density 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.02 Weight at1'expédition(approximate) 660 to710 g / 1 670 to720 g / 1 650 to700 g / 1 680 to730 g / 1 PH limit, stability 0 to 14 0 to 14 0 to 14 0 to 14
    CHROMALITE resins are used mainly for reverse phase chromatography. However, there are also different "functionalized" types for ion exchange. The resin is an adsorbent with highly crosslinked styrene / divinylbenzene particles having macropores in the size range of 10 microns to 200 microns.
    Because CHROMALITE resins are stable over a wide range of pH, pressures and solvents, they can be used for high resolution chromatography in order to purify biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides and antibiotics.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 4
    ResinChromalite Particle size(Microns) Pore size(AT) Specific surface (m 2 / g) PCG900 35 200 to300 > 600 75 120 PCG1200 15 300 to500 > 600 35 75 120 MN 5 200 to250 > 1200 10 15
    CHROMALITE PCG900M is a macroporous polydivinylbenzene adsorbent. The most common adsorbent used as the stationary phase for hydrophobic chromatography is vinylbenzene-styrene. Divinylbenzene (DVB) is similar to styrene, and consists of a benzene ring linked to two vinyl groups, while the styrene ring has only one vinyl group. The presence of carbon-carbon double bonds makes divinylbenzene very reactive.
    Example 2 - Preparation of capsular polysaccharides [00131] S. agalactiae type V was cultivated by fermentation. The PSC was extracted and the preparation of
    PSC was subjected to alcoholic precipitation for
    BE2017 / 5905 eliminate certain proteins and / or certain contaminating nucleic acids.
    After the alcoholic precipitation step, the PSC preparation underwent the following: a first ultrafiltration at 30 kDa / diafiltration (UF / DF) at 30 kDa, with exchange of buffer (10 mM NaPi, pH 7 , 2); acid precipitation; and a second UF / DF filtration at 30 kDa with exchange of buffer (0.3 M carbonate + 0.3 M NaCl). The resulting preparation was used as to compare the use of several resins in the chromatographic purification of PSCs.
    Before chromatography, the preparation was dialyzed for an additional time, in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (NaPi) pH 8. This additional ultrafiltration step provided a buffer compatible with the chromatographic experiments. The use of 50 mM of NaPi buffer pH 8 allowed the chromatography of the polysaccharides under various conditions, because different pHs and different conductivities could be obtained by adding NaCl and / or by diluting with phosphate buffer (Na2HPC> 4 1 M). The resulting preparation was used as a starting material in comparing the use of the different resins in the chromatographic purification of PSCs.
    Example 3 - Protocol for the screening of resins The ten resins listed in Table 1 were evaluated. The purification was carried out in closed mode by gravity flow using conical polypropylene columns with a height of 9 cm,
    BE2017 / 5905 conical 0.8-0.4 cm. Each type of resin has been pretreated under conditions recommended by the supplier before use, as follows.
    AMBERLITE XAD: the preservative was removed by three washing cycles with purified water (purified using a MILLIQ purification system, Millipore Corporation).
    For CHROMALITE and PUROSORB resins: after weighing the desired amount of resin, it was dissolved in 50% ethanol. Treatment with ethanol removed the contaminants. After overnight incubation at 2-8 ° Centigrade (C), the ethanol was removed and three wash cycles were performed with purified water (MILLI-Q purification system, Millipore Corporation) [ 00137] After balancing the column, 5 ml of starting material containing PSC was applied at a charge density of approximately 7 mg of polysaccharide (PS) / ml of resin and 0.5 mg of total protein (PT) / ml of resin. The polysaccharide which is not adsorbed on the resin is eluted, while the proteins remain attached to the resin. After loading / eluting, a washing step was carried out using 5 ml of buffer to recover any material remaining in the column, and this fraction was also collected.
    Before each chromatographic series, the resin was packed to give a stable bed and avoid variations in volume, voids and air bubbles.
    A column efficiency test estimates the performance of the column before starting the
    BE2017 / 5905 purification. The reference is the analysis of the distribution and the residence time of a tracer substance passing through the column. To characterize the chromatographic column without interference, the tracer substance and the eluent are chosen to avoid chemical interactions with the medium, as well as problems of liquid flow.
    The efficiency of the column is generally defined by two parameters: the number of theoretical plates (equilibrium stages) and the peak asymmetry (the peak symmetry).
    The amplitude of a peak is generally described by the number of elements "N" or by the equivalent height of a theoretical plateau (HETP), representing the state of equilibrium of the column. One can imagine that the column is divided into N sections, in each of them a balance is reached between the stationary and mobile phases. Each of these sections is a theoretical platform. This process involves measuring the width of the peak to half the maximum height of the peak. The retention time or the retention volume measured at the maximum height of the peak corresponding to the average residence time or to the volume required to elute the sample from the column.
    Asymmetry is a dimensionless parameter useful for characterizing efficiency because it is
    BE2017 / 5905 independent of the length of the column and the diameter of the particles of the stationary phase. Deviations from an ideal peak symmetry value can be caused by irregularities in the conditioned bed itself. Chromatographic peaks rarely have a Gaussian shape. The deformations that often appear are of two types: "Tailing" (when the profile rises abruptly and quickly reaches the maximum point then descends more slowly towards the starting line) and "Fronting" (when the profile rises slowly towards the maximum point and quickly descends to the peak of the starting line). (See FIG. 3) The asymmetry of a peak is expressed by the asymmetry ratio AS = b / a, in which “a” is the width of the first half of the peak at 10% of the height maximum and “b” is the width of the second half of the peak at 10% of the maximum height.
    The procedure used for the integrity of the CHROMALITE ™ PCG90 0M bed is summarized in Table 5.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 5
    Chromatography sequence Settings Detection Debit Balanced 2.5 VCNaCI solution0.4M Conductivity(MS / cm) 200cm / h Charge 0.01 VCNaCI solution2 M (tracer) elution 1.5 VC with NaCl solution0.4M System used for analysis: ÄKTA ™ avant 25, Unicorn 6.1 software
    VC = column volume The protocol for purifying polysaccharides for determining the range of charge densities to be applied in the purification procedure is presented in table 6.
    Table 6
    Chromatography sequence Volume Buffer Exit Detection Debit Balanced 5 VC Buffer50 mM phosphate pH 7.0 waste UV215nmUV2 8 0nmConductivity(MS / cm)pH 150cm / hour Charge 90 ml 12 ml fraction Washing 7 VC elution 10 VC 50% w / wfrom DPG System used for analysis: ÄKTA ™ avant 25, Unicorn 6.1 software
    DPG = dipropylene glycol; mS / cm = milliSiemens / centimeter
    BE2017 / 5905
    The polysaccharide purification protocol for the optimization of the step (Table 7):
    Chromatography sequence Volume Buffer Exit Detection Debit Balanced 5 VC Variable buffer according to the design requirement waste UV215nmUV2 8 0nmConductivity(MS / cm)pH variable according to the design condition;200 to 600 cm / h Charge Variable volume depending on the design condition Departure of the collection at exit 1 whenUV215nm> 2 mUA Washing 7 Stop collection whenUV215nm<5 mUA or after3 VC from the start of the washing sequence System used for analysis: ÄKTATM avant 25, Unicorn 6.1 software
    mUA = milli-units of absorption [00146] As no study concerning the reuse of resins has been carried out, new columns were used each time and the resin used was discarded. As was evident in the preliminary study, the polysaccharide was eluted in the
    BE2017 / 5905 fraction not adsorbed by the resin, while the proteins remain attached to the resin. Therefore, since the resin is not reused, the elution / regeneration steps are not included in the experimental protocol.
    Example 4 - Technical analysis
    Table 8
    Analytical panel
    Analytical process Intermediate of the process analyzed Attribute DoE results Micro testBCA Intermediate to be purified Concentrationproteins - GPC Intermediate to be purified;purified intermediate Concentration of polysaccharides, molecular mass of polysaccharides Quantity of polysaccharide (yield ofThe chromatographic step) molecular weight delta FLR Intermediate to be purified;purified intermediate Concentrationproteins Impurity content
    The MicroBCA test is a colorimetric test for the detection and quantification of the total protein content in a sample. This is a process which is based on the conversion of Cu 2+ to Cu 1+ under alkaline conditions (reaction of biuret).
    Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) is used for the determination of Cu 1+ , which forms when Cu 2+
    BE2017 / 5905 is reduced by a protein in a basic environment The process spectrophotometrically determines the amount of a purple complex (absorbed at 562 nm) produced by the reaction of BCA and the ions formed when copper is reduced by proteins in a basic environment.
    The absorbance is proportional to the amount of protein present in solution and can be estimated by comparison with a protein standard, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). The macromolecular structure of a protein, its number of peptide bonds and the presence of four specific amino acids (cysteine, cystine, tryptophan and tyrosine) are responsible for the formation of color with BCA. This test can be performed using the Pierce ™ BCA Protein Assay Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
    Example 5 - Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) In this study, the concentration of the polysaccharide and its molecular weight in purified intermediates and purified eluates were determined using GPC.
    This process identifies the concentration, molecular mass, and polydispersity of the polysaccharide in an analytical session.
    The
    GPC is a type of molecular exclusion chromatography (SEC mass chromatography which separates molecules based on hydrodynamic volume.
    In GPC, solvents (mobile phase). When injected, the analytes penetrate according to the size of the pores in the samples are injected in a direct current of
    BE2017 / 5905 column and according to their hydrodynamic volume (usually associated with molecular mass). The smaller molecules enter the pores which results in a longer retention time. Large molecules are excluded from the pores and they are eluted with short retention times (exclusion limit) The intermediate molecules partially penetrate into the pores and have intermediate retention times. The column separates the analytes according to molecular weight and the distribution of molecular weights takes the form of a chromatogram. The detector is usually an ultraviolet (UV) -visible spectroscope, but for samples that do not exhibit UV absorption, a refractive index detector is used. The use of standard molecular weight polymers allows the estimation of the molecular weight of the sample.
    In the present study, this analytical method is based on the principle of two dimensions (2D for which two chromatographic columns are used (RP-SEC-HPLC)). The first column is a reverse phase column (RP) and removes impurities (proteins, salts, etc.) arising from the fermentation. The second column is an exclusion column (SE) which separates the molecules from the polysaccharides based on the hydrodynamic volume. Being a dimensional analysis, the use of software allows the determination of the peak molecular weight (Mp), the average molecular weight (Mw), the number average molecular weight (Mn) and their relationship (Mw / Mn), to express the
    BE2017 / 5905 polydispersity of the polysaccharide (monodispersed molecules have a value of 1).
    To perform the dimensional analysis of GBS polysaccharides with this method, we used a selection of polysaccharide fractions of
    GBS standards with different molecular weights, specific for each serotype, obtained by
    The intermediary of the collection in the fractions of the corresponding GBS polysaccharides, obtained by means of preparative chromatography by filtration on
    The standards obtained aliquoted and frozen for each serotype have (-20 ° C). Before use, summer the samples were thawed. The different standard fractions were characterized by the average values obtained at height
    SEC-MALLS and the peak (MM peak, Mp) were taken from the calibration curve of as a reference value for CPG system using Empower 3 software.
    Example 6 - Procedure of the GPC [00153] The columns used were:
    • RP-Jupiter 5 μm C4 300 Ä 250 x 4.6 mm (PHENOMENEX, Torrance, California, United States).
    • TSKgel PWH 7.5 x 75 mm (Tosoh Bioscience, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States).
    SEC-TSKgel G4000SW 7.8 mm ID x 300 mm (Tosoh Bioscience, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States) The preparation of the reagents and solutions was as follows:
    RI (mobile phase A): preparation of the mobile phase A (5 liters): 10 mM NaPi, 10 mM NaCl,
    BE2017 / 5905% acetonitrile (CAN), pH 7.2. Weighing and melting: 2.97 g of NaH 2 PO 4 x H 2 O; 5.06 g Na 2 HPO 4 x 2H 2 O; 2.92 g of NaCl in a final volume of 4750 ml of purified water, then add 250 ml of ACN. Filter the resulting solution with membranes of 0.20 μm of Phenex filter
    nylon 47 mm (PHENOMENEX) or equivalents. [00156] R2 (mobile phase B) : prepare about 2 1 purified water ed.[00157] R3 (mobile phase VS) : preparation from CAN at 90%. [00158] Me surer 900 ml acetonitrile (ACN) and complete at 1 1 with water pure ifiée. [00159] R4 : preparation buffer dilution (1 liter) of 100 mM NaPi, NaCl at 100 mM, TFA at 0.1 oGold ACN at 5% at pH 7.2, for material samples at purify. [00160] For calibration, stallions of different molecular weights have been used. The
    preparation was carried out by preparative chromatography by gel filtration, in which a polydispersity of the polysaccharides is fractionated. The individual fractions were analyzed, from which we determined the various molecular weights. Table 9 presents the fractions with molecular weights (Daltons, Da):
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 9
    Fraction Mp (Da) 1 130,500 2 120,500 3 112,500 4 106,500 5 9 6 90 0 6 79,600
    To determine the polysaccharide, standards of known concentration are used to construct a calibration curve in terms of concentration (Table 10):
    Table 10
    Standard Concentration pg / ml 1 50 2 100 3 250 4 500 5 750 6 1000
    The analysis is carried out with the appropriate dilutions of the samples of GBS polysaccharides, diluted in R4. Depending on the concentration at each purification phase, proceed directly to 0.2 μm filtration in the sample changer bottles.
    Inject twice (consecutively or separately)
    100 μΐ of each sample from the same bottle.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 11
    Instrument HPLC Waters Alliance W2690 / 5 or equivalent Software Empower equilibration • Wash the RPC column for one hour with 95% R2 and 5% R3; then condition the column fortwo hours with RI.• Wash the SEC column for one hour with R2 then conditionfor at least two hours with RI. Eluent of the phasemobile A 10 mM NaPi, 10 mM NaCI, 5% ACN, pH 7.2 (RI) Eluent of the phasemobile B Purified water (R2) Eluent of the phasemobile B 90% ACN (R3) Debit of theDRY 0.5 ml / min Debit of theRP See table 12 Volumeinj ection 100 μΐ Circulation time 40 minutes Revelation UV 210 nm RevelationFLR 277 nm, 305 nm
    BE2017 / 5905
    Revelation RI Sensitivity = 64
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 12
    Time Eluent A(%) Eluent B(%) Eluent C(%) Eluent D(%) Debit 0 100 0 0 0 0.50 6 100 0 0 0 0.50 11 0 96 5 0 1.00 20 0 0 100 0 1.00 24 0 0 100 0 1.00 25 0 96 5 0 1.00 30 0 96 5 0 1.00 31 100 0 0 0 1.00 35 100 0 0 0 0.50
    During processing, the GPC software constructs a reference curve, using the retention times and the logarithm of the molecular weight fraction of the standard peak. The sample is read on the curve and the software determines the dimensional values of the results in daltons: Mw, Mn and polydispersity (Mw / Mn). For each GBS polysaccharide, the final result is calculated from the average of two replicates. For the quantification of the polysaccharide, the software builds a calibration curve of the concentration of the standard and the surface of the chromatographic peak, the software (Empower), allows the processing of the data collected and recorded at a later date. For the quantification of the size of the GBS polysaccharide, a refractive index detector was used.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Example 7 - FLR [00164] For the determination of the impurities present in the polysaccharide, a technique was used which excites the samples at a certain wavelength and measures the emission. If the concentration of the analytes is sufficiently small, the intensity of the radiation emitted by fluorescence is proportional to the concentration (s = KC). Fluorescence detectors have the advantage of sensitivity. However, not all absorbing molecules emit fluorescence; such molecules can be pretreated with reagents which result in fluorescent products. In the present study, all of the UV absorbing impurities of interest emitted fluorescence.
    Table 13
    Points of the Percentage of standard curve (TRPUR%) 1 2.5 2 5 3 10 4 25 5 50 6 75 7 100
    These impurities have a maximum absorption at 330 nm in UV, and an opening of fluorescent light at 400 nm. At these wavelengths, the polysaccharide neither absorbs nor emits what is
    BE2017 / 5905 why the process can be considered specific for impurities. To carry out the measurements, a fluorimetric detector was used.
    Example 8 - Protein content The AMBERLITE XAD1180N and XAD4 resins showed high efficiency in the elimination of protein impurities (XAD1180N = 97% and XAD4 = 100% elimination). AMBERLITE XAD16N has shown a 51% elimination rate. The results on PUROSORB PAD910 and PUROSORB PAD700 showed a percentage of 100% and 99% of elimination, respectively. PUROSORB PAD550 and PAD350 showed 63% and 52%, respectively.
    CHROMALITE PCG900 showed 100% elimination of proteins, unlike CHROMALITE
    70MN (48%) (see Table 14 and Figure 4).
    Table 14
    RP-SEC MicroBCA Coded Sample Volume Concentration Concentration Report % of the and resin (Ml) from PS proteins (mg of elimination resin [PS-SEC] [MicroBCA] protein / proteins (Pg / ml) (Pg / ml) 1 g of PS)Charge GBSIa 5 3272 454 139 0 RI XAD4 5 2966 2 1 100 R2 XAD16N 5 3026 221 73 51 R3 XAD1180N 5 2951 14 5 97 R4 PAD350 5 2941 170 58 63 R5 PAD550 5 2950 218 74 52 R6 PAD700 5 2538 <1 <1 100 R7 PAD910 5 2813 3 1 99 R8 PCG900M 5 2806 <1 <1 100 RIO 7 0MN 5 2581 235 91 48
    AMBERLITE XAD4, PUROSORB PAD700 resins
    BE2017 / 5905 and CHROMALITE PCG900M eliminated 100% of the proteins.
    PUROSORB PAD700 and CHROMALITE PCG900 were the only ingredients that provided a protein content in
    The eluate below the lower detection limit
    of the BCA test. In this who polysaccharide the resin yields them more high
    concerns the loss of
    AMBERLITE showed them (see Table 15 and Figure 5). (AMBERLITE XAD4 = 91%, XAD16N = 93%
    XAD1180N = 90%). The PUROSORB PAD350 and PAD550 resins also obtained a yield of 90%. The two CHROMALITE resins gave yields <90%.
    Table 15
    RP-SEC analysis Coded Sample Volume Concentration Concentration yield of the and resin (Ml) from PS from PS of resin (Tg / ml) (Mg) 1'étapeof PS (%) Charge GBSIa 5 3272 16.36 100 RI XAD4 5 2966 14.83 91 R2 XAD16N 5 3026 15, 13 93 R3 XAD1180N 5 2951 14.76 90 R4 PAD350 5 2941 14.71 90 R5 PAD550 5 2950 14.75 90 R6 PAD700 5 2538 12.69 78 R7 PAD910 5 2813 14,07 86 R8 PCG900M 5 2806 14,03 86 RIO 7 0MN 5 2581 12.91 79
    In contrast, the use of a carbon filter as described in document WO 2009081276 (PCT / IB2008 / 003729) provides lower yields.
    Furthermore, the adherent carbon filters tend to retain the lower molecular weights, thereby leading to an increase of approximately
    KDa of MM in
    1'éluat. AMBERLITE resins have not shown such selectivity the difference in molecular weight between the starting material and the eluate is considered to be zero or equivalent the variability of the analytical process (differences from the MM of the starting material lower
    %). The same was observed for
    PUROSORB and
    CHROMALITY (see table 'exception of
    PUROSORB ™
    PAD700 (A
    MM
    Da) and CHROMALITE
    PCG900M (Δ MW effects observed for all the resins on the polydispersity
    BE2017 / 5905 should be considered negligible.
    Table 16
    GPC Coded Sample mn mw *Difference polydispersity of the and resin (Daltons) (Daltons) (Δ) of MMresin (Daltons)Charge GBSIa 234805 2588881.18 Services XAD4 234753 259052 164 1.18 R2 XAD16N 234510 258776 -112 1.18 R3 XAD1180N 235767 259623 735 1.18 R4 PAD350 234730 259076 188 1.18 R5 PAD550 234949 259181 293 1.18 R6 PAD700 245300 267668 8780 1.15 R7 PAD910 234571 258797 -91 1.18 R8 PCG900M 240888 263416 4528 1.16 RIO 7 0MN 234448 258930 42 1.18
    * The difference in molecular weight was calculated as follows: MM of the eluate - MM of the starting material.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Example 9 - Determination of the load range for CHROMALITE PCG900M CHROMALITE PCG900M was chosen as the appropriate candidate resin. This resin eliminated 100% of proteins with a yield of 86% and a slight effect on the selection of polysaccharide molecules with a low molecular mass (MM difference of 4528 Da). The data obtained were confirmed on the polysaccharide of serotype V. A chromatographic column (1.0 cm in diameter, 7.6 cm high, column volume of 6 ml) was prepared with CHROMALITE PCG900M.
    Protocol for filling the chromatography column with CHROMALITE PCG900M: weigh an amount (3 g) of each resin taking into account the VC to be obtained (approximately 3.5 ml). Dissolve the resin in 50% ethanol (40 ml). After overnight incubation at 2-8 ° C, the ethanol was removed and the resin was washed by three wash cycles with purified water. Transfer the resins to 20.0 cm x 1.0 LRC columns (Pali Corporation, Port Washington, New York, USA) and rinse using a flow rate of 20 ml / min using the ÄKTA AVANT preparative chromatography system 25 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) for one hour. At this point, the piston was lowered in order to have the piston head in contact with the resin bed.
    The starting material was prepared according to a conventional process and dialyzed in pH 7 phosphate buffer. The material displayed the characteristics presented in table 17.
    Table 17
    BE2017 / 5905
    Starting materials Volume (ml) 90 Proteins [BCA] pg / ml 266 Concentration of polysaccharides [GPC](Pg / ml) 4002 Total protein (mg) 23, 9 Total polysaccharides (mg) 0.36 Molecular mass [GPC] (Da) 127,332 Polydispersity [GPC] 1.25
    The starting material (90 ml of GBS serotype V) was loaded into the column and the fractions eluted in seven fractions of 12 ml each, with the exception of the last fraction containing 6 ml.
    The chromatographic profiles were obtained with UV at 210 nm and UV absorbance at 280 nm. The UV absorbance at 280 nm is characteristic of aromatic amino acids while polysaccharides do not absorb significantly at this wavelength, so this test identified the presence of proteins. The polysaccharide is eluted in the fraction and is not absorbed by the column, while most of the proteins are located in the fraction eluted with DPG (dipropylene glycol) as indicated by the presence of a single peak in UV at 280 nm in fractions 1C4-1C5 (results not shown). The individual fractions (1A1-1B4) were analyzed according to the analytical methods described here. The results are provided in Tables 18 and 19.
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 18
    protein fraction Total volume [Protein](MicroBCA) Total protein content No. last name (Ml) (Pg / ml) (Mg) GBS V 1 to 1 90 266 23, 92 fl 1 TO 2 12 0 0 F2 1 to 3 12 5 0.06 F3 1 to 4 12 6, 8 0.08 F4 1 to 5 12 8.2 0.1 F5 1 to 6 12 9, 6 0.12 F6 1 B 1 12 11.8 0.14 F7 1 B 2 12 14 0.17 F8 1 B 3 6 10.8 0.07 F9 washing 1 B 4 12 7.5 0.09
    Table 19
    BE2017 / 5905
    polysaccharides fraction Total volume [GBSV](GPC) Total PS content (Ml) (Pg / ml) (Mg) GBS V 90 4002 360.18 fl 12 2781 33.37 F2 12 3351 40.21 F3 12 3920 47,04 F4 12 3929 47, 15 F5 12 3938 47.26 F6 12 3970 47, 63 F7 12 4001 48.01 F8 6 2738 24.21 F-9 washing 12 1474 17.69
    [00177]
    The data obtained and listed in Tables 18 and 19 were used to determine the 5 different densities applied and their results. In particular, by adding the protein / polysaccharide contents of each fraction to the preceding fractions, the charge densities were determined. Table 20 and Figure 6 present the data in terms of proteins.
    Table 20
    BE2017 / 5905
    protein Group Volumetotal Proteins loaded in the column Total protein loading densities (CV 6 ml) Protein content of the eluted group % of proteins eliminated No. fractionscombined (Ml) (Mg) (mg ofPT / ml ofresin) (Mg) (%) 1 fl 12 3, 19 0.5 0 100 2 Fl + F2 24 6.38 1.1 0.06 100 3 Fl - F3 36 9.57 1.6 0.14 99 4 Fl - F4 48 12.76 2.1 0.24 99 5 Fl - F5 60 15, 95 2.7 0.36 98 6 Fl - F6 72 19, 14 3.2 0.5 98 7 Fl - F7 84 22.33 3.7 0.66 97 8 Fl - F8 90 23, 94 4.0 0.79 97
    By increasing the charge densities up to 4 mg of PT / ml, high values (97%) were again obtained. See Table 21 and Figure 7.
    The increase in the charge density up to 60 mg of PS / ml produced high values (93%).
    BE2017 / 5905
    Table 21
    polysaccharides Group Volumetotal PS loaded in column Load densities in total PS (VC of 6 ml) ContentPS ofgroupeluted % ofPS No. fractionscombined (Ml) (Mg) (mg ofPS / ml of resin) (Mg) (%) 1 fl 12 48.02 8 33 69 2 Fl + F2 24 96.05 16 74 77 3 Fl - F3 36 144.07 24 121 84 4 Fl - F4 48 192, 1 32 168 87 5 Fl - F5 60 240.12 40 215 90 6 Fl - F6 72 288.14 48 263 91 7 Fl - F7 84 336.17 56 311 92 8 Fl - F8 90 360.38 60 335 93
    BE2017 / 5905
    Additional references
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    2. Shen et al. (2001) Vaccine 19: 850-61.
    3. Palazzi et al. (2004) J. Infect. Dis. 190: 558-64.
    4. Merritt et al. (2000) J. Biotech. 81: 189-97.
    5. Dassy & Fournier (1996) Infect. Immunol. 64: 2408-.
    6. Suarez et al. (2001) Appl. Approx. Microbiol. 67: 969-
    71.
    7. Wicken et al. (1983) J. Bact. 153: 84-92.
    8. W0 98/32873.
    9. Frash (1990) p. 123-145 of Advances in Biotechnological Processes vol. 13 (eds. Mizrahi & Van Wezel).
    10. EP 0072513.
    11. UK 0502096.1 (patent application); WO 2006/082527.
    12. US 6248570.
    13. Deng et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 7497-7504.
    14. Inzana (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 1573-79.
    15. Ramsay et al. (2001) Lancet 357 (9251): 195-96.
    16. Lindberg (1999) Vaccine 17 Suppl. 2: S28-36. 17. Buttery & Moxon (2000) J R Coll Physicians Land 34: 163- -68. 18. Ahmad & Chapnick (1999) Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 13: 113-33, vii. 19. Goldblatt (1998) J. Med . Microbiol. 47: 563-7.20. EP 0477508. 21. US 5,306,492. 22. WO 98/42721.
    BE2017 / 5905
    23. Dick et al. in Conjugate Vaccines (eds. Cruse et al.) Karger, Basel, 1989, 10: 48-114.
    24. Hermanson Bioconjugate Techniques, Academie Press, San Diego (1996) ISBN: 0123423368.
    25. EP 0372501A.
    26. EP 0378881A.
    27. EP 0427347A.
    28. WO 93/17712.
    29. WO 94/03208.
    30. WO 98/58668.
    31. EP 0471177A.
    32. WO 91/01146.
    33. Falugi et al. (2001) Eur. J. Immunol. 31: 3816-24.
    34. Baraldo et al. (2004) Infect. Immun. 72: 4884-87.
    35. EP 0594610A.
    36. WO 00/56360.
    37. WO 02/091998.
    38. Kuo et al. (1995) Infect. Immun. 63: 2706-13.
    39. WO 01/72337.
    40. WO 00/61761.
    41. WO 04/041157.
    42. WO 99/42130.
    43. WO 04/011027.
    44. Lees et al. (1996) Vaccine 14: 190-98.
    45. WO 95/08348.
    46. US 4,882,317.
    47. US 4,695,624.
    48. Porro et al. (1985) Mol. Immunol. 22: 907-19.
    49. EP 0208375A.
    .
    WO 00/10599.
    BE2017 / 5905
    51. Gever et al. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 165: 171-288 (1979). 52. US 4 057 685.53. US 4 673 574; US 4,761,283; US 4,808,700. 54. US 4 459 286.55. US 4 965 338.56. US 4 663 160.57. US 4 761 283.58. US 4 356 170.59. Lei et al. (2000) Dev. Biol. (Basel) 103: 259-64. 60. WO 00/38711; US 6,146,902.61. Wessels et al. (1998) Infect. Immun. 66: 2186-92. 62. Lamb and al. (2000) Dev. Biol. (Basel) 103: 251-58. 63. Lamb and al. (2000) Journal of Chromatography A 894:
    311-18.
    64. D'Ambra et al. (2000) Dev. Biol. (Basel) 103: 241-42.
    65. Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 20th edition, ISBN:
    0683306472.
    66. Vaccine Design. (1995) eds. Powell & Newman. ISBN: 030644867X. Plenum.
    67. WO 90/14837. 68. Niikura et al. (2002) Virology 293: 273-80. 69. Lenz et al. (2001) J. Immunol. 166: 5346-55. 70. Pinto et al. (2003) J. Infect. Dis. 188: 327-38 71. Gerber et al. (2001) Virology 75: 4752-60. 72. WO 03/024480. 73. WO 03/024481. 74. Gluck et al. (2002) Vaccine 20: B10- B16. 75. Johnson et al. (1999) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett
    2273-78.
    BE2017 / 5905
    76. Evans et al. (2003) Expert Rev. Vaccines 2: 219-29.
    77. Meraldi et al. (2003) Vaccine 21: 2485-91.
    78. Pajak et al. (2003) Vaccine 21: 836-42.
    79. WO 2016/020413.
    1. Process for removing proteins from
    权利要求:
    Claims (19)
    [1]
    CLAIMS of a starting solution comprising bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins, comprising a step of filtering said starting solution using chromatography to provide an eluate, where said chromatography uses a stationary chromatography phase, and said stationary phase is a particulate polymer resin.
    [2]
    2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromatography is column chromatography.
    [3]
    3. Method according to claim 1 or claim 2, in which the particulate polymer resin is in the form of spherical particles,
    BE2017 / 5905 and the polymer resin is made of polystyrene, polydivinylbenzene, copolymers of divinylbenzene and styrene, or crosslinked styrene and divinylbenzene.
    [4]
    4. Process according to
    1 any one of the preceding claims, in polymer has one or more which the resin of the following characteristics:
    (a) the diameter of a representative sample of said spherical particles is in the range of approximately 300 μm to approximately 1500 μm, approximately 500 μm to approximately 750 μm, approximately 560 μm to approximately 710 μm, approximately 350 to approximately 600 μm , or about 350 μm to about 1200 μm;
    (b) non-ionic;
    BE2017 / 5905 (c) stable in a range of pH values from 0 to 14, 0 to 12, 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 2 to 14, or 2 to 12;
    (d) contains pores with an average diameter of about 100 Angstroms (Â), about 200 Â, about 350 Â, about 600 Â, about 700 Â, or about 1100 Â, (e) contains pores with a range of diameters in the range of about 200 Â to about 250 Â, about 200 Â to about 300 Â, about 300 Â to about 400 Â, or about 300 Â to about 500 Â; and (f) contains macropores located in the diameter range of about 10 microns to about 200 microns.
    [5]
    5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the polymer resin is in the form of spherical particles made of crosslinked styrene and divinylbenzene and having a range of diameters between approximately 35 and approximately 120 μm and a range of pore sizes between around 200 and around 300 Å.
    [6]
    6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% , 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.2%, 99.5%, 99.9% or 100% of the proteins are eliminated from the starting solution by said chromatography.
    [7]
    7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which at least 50%, 60%, 70%,
    80 %, 85%, 87%, 90%, 91% .92% , 93%, 94%, 95 oθ r 96 %, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100 % of PSC in the solution of departure are retained in 1'éluat after the chromatography.8. Process according to 1 . ' a any of the previous claims, in which 1'étape of
    BE2017 / 5905 filtration of the starting solution using chromatography such that the stationary phase of the chromatography is a particulate polymer resin, results in the elimination of at least 90% of the proteins present in the starting solution, while retaining the minus 80%, 83%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
    [8]
    9. Process according to
    1 any one of the preceding claims, wherein the difference in molecular weight distribution of
    PSC in the starting solution and molecular approximately approximately approximately distribution less than PSC in less than masses
    1'éluat East lower at about 8%, lower at about 3%, lower at about 1%.
    1 'any of
    Method according to the preceding claims, in which the starting solution comprises a buffer at approximately pH 8, optionally a sodium phosphate buffer (NaPi).
    [9]
    11. Process according to
    Any of the preceding claims, wherein the step of filtering the starting solution using chromatography is started at a protein charge density of about
    0.5 to about 4.0 mg protein
    [10]
    12. Process according to
    1 any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of filtering the starting solution using a
    PSC from about 40 to about
    60 mg of total polysaccharides per milliliter of particulate resin.
    chromatography is started at a charge density in
    BE2017 / 5905
    [11]
    13. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the method does not comprise a step of treatment with a cationic detergent to precipitate the capsular polysaccharides.
    [12]
    14. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the chromatography is preceded by the following steps:
    (a) alcoholic precipitation of contaminating proteins and / or nucleic acids; and (b) diafiltration.
    [13]
    15. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the chromatography is followed by the following steps:
    (at) re-N-acetylation; and (B) diafiltration. 16. The method of claim 1, comprising (at) the supply of a composition containing d
    bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSC) and bacterial proteins;
    (b) bringing said composition into contact with an alcoholic solution, and eliminating any precipitate which forms;
    (c) maintaining the non-precipitated material from step (b) in solution and filtering the solution to remove the compounds of smaller molecular weight while retaining the capsular polysaccharides in solution; and (d) collecting the filtrate from step (c) and removing protein contaminants from said filtrate by chromatography, using a
    BE2017 / 5905 stationary phase of polymer resin, to provide purified capsular polysaccharides.
    [14]
    17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising one or more of the following steps:
    (e) re-N-acetylation of the purified capsular polysaccharides, (f) precipitation of the purified capsular polysaccharides; and (g) conjugating the purified capsular polysaccharides to a carrier protein.
    [15]
    18. The method of claim 16, wherein step (b) comprises adding an alcoholic solution at a concentration sufficient to precipitate the contaminating nucleic acids but not the capsular polysaccharides.
    [16]
    19. The method of claim 18, wherein said alcoholic solution is chosen from:
    (a) an alcoholic solution comprising ethanol; and (b) an alcoholic solution comprising ethanol and CaCl2.
    [17]
    20. The method of claim 18 wherein said alcoholic solution is added at a concentration between about 10% and about 50% ethanol, such as about 30% ethanol.
    [18]
    21. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said bacterial capsular polysaccharide is a PSC of Streptococcus agalactiae.
    BE2017 / 5905
    [19]
    22. The method of claim 24 wherein said PSC of Streptococcus agalactiae is chosen from serotypes la, Ib, II, III, IV, and V.
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    法律状态:
    2018-12-17| FG| Patent granted|Effective date: 20181126 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US201662430602P| true| 2016-12-06|2016-12-06|
    US62430602|2016-12-06|
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